How did Paul's education He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. The correct answer to this open question is the following. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. The young, ambitious officer was then assigned to Bainbridge, U.S. destroyer No. Spruance's rise to fame . No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". "Well, pick it up and put it back," was Spruance's measured response.[8]. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. He was drafted on short notice for his date with destiny. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. Hickman, Kennedy. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory And, off Okinawa, Spruance never faltered in face of the destruction wrought by the kamikazes. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as . "Admiral Raymond Spruance". Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. They met practically no opposition because most of the Zeros were still close to the water, not having had time to climb and counterattack. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Spruances performance at Midway so impressed Admiral Nimitz that he made him his chief of staff. A. Desegregation of Society >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, "Captain, we've just dropped a depth charge over the stern!" Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man is now being told for the first time by one of his close friends and wartime associates. [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. In the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USSNorthampton. At 10.26am on 4 June 1942 the course of World War Two in the Pacific changed utterly. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. In the course of a two-hour interview, he stood or walked about all the timenot restlessly, but slowly and deliberately. For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. He died on 13 December 1969 at the age of 83. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. But due to a printing error on the executive calendar of nominations, Spruance was officially promoted only to his former rank of vice admiral. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. This approach of bypassing Japanese strong points, such as Truk, was applied on a large scale as the Allies devised their strategy for moving across the central Pacific. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. He was then 55. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. The Americans lost only 17 planes and no ships. Spruance graduated from the U.S. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Hickman, Kennedy. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. However, an invasion was rendered unnecessary when the atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. Retribution was not long in coming. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. But his service was not yet finished. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. 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