/Type /Page /Resources << The education reform movement as we have known it is over. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 0 >> >> /Parent 12 0 R >> << >> /TT0 120 0 R >> Sheldon Berman, Beyond discord: Resolving the tensions between charter and pu. /StructParents 4 The idea behind league tables was to allow parents to easily assess which schools in their local areas are the best. /MC0 129 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /TT2 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 1988 CHAPTER 40. /Parent 9 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << >> /GS0 125 0 R endobj /Type /Page >> << 110 0 obj The Best For My Child. /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 87 /ExtGState << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 2 0 R >> /StructParents 83 /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Parent 17 0 R /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 >> /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) >> >> /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /Rotate 0 >> *SJj4Tf 2 The Affordable Care Act, or "ACA," is a national health-care reform bill that was passed in March 2010. endobj /TT0 120 0 R >> /Count 10 /Type /OCG >> The Affordable Care Act has garnered a lot of debate since its implementation in 2010.The market continues to change as the healthcare reform debate continues. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000035224 00000 n >> >> /Contents 290 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << How do I view content? /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Competition & choice - Advantages-Gives parents a choice - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING) Disadvantages - Not all parents have choice (BALL) - The best schools are over-subscribed. From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. /GS0 125 0 R The antics at the Durand Academy, relieved of its funding agreement by the Department for Education, have been well documented and watched closely by neighbouring schools such as like LIlian Baylis. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /C2_0 232 0 R 41 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << /CreationDate (D:20040616154025+03'00') If the states in the U.S. are in charge of setting their own standards of education, then it creates a system where every territory, district, and legislature could set their own expectations for curriculum development. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R The law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance. >> /Font << /Rotate 0 /Type /Page To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? /Type /Page /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Order [] /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000003188 00000 n However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) /Type /Page experience they had of the education reform. 18 0 obj >> >> /Rotate 0 Education Reformed: A Guide to the Education Reform Act . OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports. /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Pages Students who go to sink schools stand little hope of doing well. /Parent 2 0 R << endobj More accountability provided a great opportunity for my generation of school leaders to prove ourselves and the national curriculum was right because it reduced inequality, even if it has been undermined by academy freedoms. /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 endobj >> endobj << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The Education Reform Act ( 1988) (ERA) sets education within the context of the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils and of society. By 3 August 1944 the . Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. Education Reform Act 1988. 0000000016 00000 n /ExtGState << The biggest of these changes were the 'marketisation' of education and the introduction of the 'new vocationalism', which . endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 26 0 obj >> /Parent 16 0 R >> >> >> >> /TT1 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /StructParents 21 /TT0 120 0 R 37 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /Next 112 0 R /LastModified (D:20040616154335) The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. /TT1 226 0 R /StructParents 25 /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? /GS0 125 0 R /Font << 71 0 obj 75 0 obj endobj minimal competition for funding the policy wont work unless parents a choice over which school to send their pupils to! >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /MC0 129 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << In the past six months I have been researching a new book, The Best For My Child. 113 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] These dimensions underpin the curriculum and the ethos of the school. /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 52 /Font << The idea is particularly associated with policies inspired by the New Right and with the Education Reform . QUALITY education is viewed as any country's pillar of success. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << >> << >> 105 0 obj /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] >> >> >> When Phillips took over at Lilian Baylis in the late 1990s, the school was in the doldrums. >> /Parent 16 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). >> >> /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /Dest [110 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] >> >> /Contents 287 0 R 70 0 obj /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Contents 247 0 R /StructParents 68 /Type /Page /StructParents 19 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Properties << /Type /Pages /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 11 0 R /Properties << The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to . 23 0 obj >> >> From 1988 all schools were required to teach the core subjects English, Maths, Science etc at GCSE level. >> /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << 85 0 obj /StructParents 6 endobj /Parent 16 0 R The New Right: Underlying Principles. /StructParents 43 endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /Contents 303 0 R 106 0 obj Back in 1988 these League Tables were only available as government publications and in schools prospectuses, but obviously today these have evolved so that they are now searchable for any school online!League Tables today, accessible online! endobj OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. endobj endobj The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. 55 0 obj /Contents 253 0 R << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT1 226 0 R 59 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 13 0 R /Properties << 13 0 obj >> /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 306 0 R << 21 0 obj >> /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /StructParents 17 endobj /Properties << >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 14 >> /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 >> Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. /MC0 129 0 R >> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 42 0 obj /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /Usage << /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 32 0 obj >> endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << Especially beneficial for kids from poor families. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Contents 238 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << An Act to amend the law relating to education. 0000003291 00000 n /Contents 282 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 42 /Rotate 0 endstream Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. /StructParents 31 Although the number of these class-rooms has declined recently, many educa- /Parent 2 0 R >> /Count 10 Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. Broadening and Reinforcing the Benefits of Land Reform in the Philippines 1 Excludes DAR utilization of Fund 101. >> /Parent 11 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> >> /Resources << /StructParents 80 /Rotate 0 >> Maclure, S. 1988. >> /Properties << >> /TT2 121 0 R >> >> /TT1 226 0 R /Font << endobj /TT1 121 0 R << /TT1 121 0 R The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen endobj /Resources << /ExtGState << /ExtGState << The advantages and disadvantages of education although seemingly quite clear can be explored to quite a detailed level. endobj Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA88) onwards, we measured changes over time in the tendency for pupils with particular socio-economic characteristics to cluster in particular schools (termed segregation). >> /Prev 113 0 R /Type /Page << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << /Font << The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). startxref /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /Properties << A bit like What car? magazine, but for schools. /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << >> >> << Children can go to school with their childhood friends. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << /Resources << 87 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R << A science class at Lilian Baylis school, which is rated outstanding. /Font << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). There are too many bad case studies, often academy chains, being passed around and places where people dont want to work.. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Properties << 62 0 obj 80 0 obj >> /ExtGState << endobj /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page << /ExtGState << >> << >> /ExtGState << /Type /Page Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. /TT0 120 0 R << >> 35 0 obj endobj 0000032161 00000 n /Properties << << /Type /Page endobj << >> /Resources << Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 226 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /Properties << /Parent 16 0 R >> Gage, N.L. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT3 159 0 R /Font << Over the following pages, three people who were directly involved . endobj Access to better education. 117 0 obj /Font << >> The New Rights 1988 Education Reform Act put in place the policies which aimed to achieve the goal of raising standards. /StructParents 50 >> /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 39 /Parent 16 0 R Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /Properties << endobj endobj /TT2 121 0 R /Count 90 Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. /Parent 14 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 1 The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R A number of education policies and reforms, especially those brought in as part of the 1988 Educational Reform Act, looked to create a market in state education. /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Resources << ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. Inclusive education also benefits general education . A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << /LetterspaceFlags 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 19 0 R /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R >> /Font << /StructParents 60 /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /Contents 244 0 R /GS0 125 0 R endobj /Font << /Rotate 0 >> 0000002006 00000 n As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] It provided Three Core Subjects, Maths, English and Science, and Seven Foundation Subjects, Art, Music, Technology, History, Geography, A modern Foreign Language, and PE. /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Resources << >> >> >> /Properties << /F4 123 0 R << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 40 >> >> >> 0000017863 00000 n /Resources << /TT1 159 0 R As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. /Parent 17 0 R endobj /Contents 272 0 R /Resources << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Contents 248 0 R /Contents 285 0 R /TT0 120 0 R . /Type /Pages /Type /Page /Type /Page 104 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << /Type /Page This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. /GS0 125 0 R >> /Outlines 3 0 R >> /Filter /FlateDecode Poverty Reduction. >> >> /Resources << /Contents 288 0 R /Contents 237 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /Type /Page /Resources << /Parent 14 0 R Routledge. endobj Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . /Font << /Resources << /Contents 229 0 R /Contents 289 0 R /Type /Page (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /Count 2 1965-1980: Promoting Equity in Access to Educational Opportunities 1981-1988: The Push for Educational Excellence 1989-1992: The Rise of Standards-Based Reform /ExtGState << Security Through Biometric Authentication: One . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 192 0 R /TT1 159 0 R >> >> /Contents 276 0 R /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Font << /Contents 300 0 R The one-day forum of presentations and One recent 2018 survey of primary school teachers found that more than 90% of primary school teachers think SATS impact negatively on their pupils well-being. >> /StructParents 88 >> /Next 114 0 R /TT2 121 0 R << /StructParents 30 Those who passed the 11+ could go to grammar schools and the rest would settle on secondary moderns. /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> 22 0 obj >> Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. endobj This will take effect in 2009. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 73 0 obj /TT3 159 0 R /Font << /StructParents 46 Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. /Parent 12 0 R endobj /Rotate 0 /Title /PieceInfo << >> >> /GS0 125 0 R >> >> endobj 38 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, Free schools are all-ability state-funded schools set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their community. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R >> << >> /Type /Page /Properties << /TT3 159 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Parent 11 0 R Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R 20 0 obj /Count 10 /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 68 0 obj /StructParents 69 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 12 0 R >> >> Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1944 Education Act (Butler Act), Comprehensive schooling 1965, Advantages and Disadvantages of comprehensive schools and more. /Font << /Parent 17 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 2 0 R << endobj One advantage of standardized testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . << << >> /Font << /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R endobj /MC0 129 0 R 48 0 obj /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /Type /Page /TT2 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj endobj 12 0 obj /TT2 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /C2_0 292 0 R /StructParents 84 /Type /Page % << Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. 57 0 obj /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R 5 0 obj >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 273 0 R /ExtGState << /Parent 14 0 R Gerbil - the great education reform bill, as it was known before . /TT1 121 0 R Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. Government healthcare refers to government funding of healthcare services via direct payments to doctors, hospitals, and other providers. 0000029468 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. >> /Contents 299 0 R /Font << /StructParents 22 The 1997 New Labour and the 2010 Coalition Government which followed kept to the basic system established in 1988. /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 29 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Stephen Ball talks of the school/ parent alliance: Middle class parents want middle class schools and schools want middle class pupils. advantages through choice policies' (1995, p. 21). /Parent 12 0 R ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R <]>> /StructParents 79 /TT1 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /Length 3936 >> /SourceModified (D:20040616123949) /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] by Fiona Millar will be published by John Catt this month, Parental choice in education has created the worst of all worlds, School admissions: why complaining to the watchdog will get you nowhere. >> >> >> >> /Prev 308 0 R 79 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R << The ERA - known as the Butler Act - celebrated 30 years of being on the statute books in July 2018. 64 0 obj /Type /Page >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 11 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Parent 16 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page The Education Reform Act- Competition and Control, London: Cassell Education limited. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Page /Properties << >> /Type /Pages /MC0 129 0 R 58 0 obj >> /Font << /ExtGState << 51 0 obj B 'Bad' schools would lose . /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 121 0 R /TT1 121 0 R << /StructParents 61 /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 220 0 R /Font << /TT2 226 0 R << /Type /Page >> << /Contents 302 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /Title 44 0 obj Popular schools havent expanded to accommodate all comers, as pure market advocates predicted, and failing schools have proved hard to close down. /MC0 129 0 R >> Societies benefit as well. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 278 0 R Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. /ExtGState << /Kids [116 0 R] >> /ExtGState << The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. << The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. /Rotate 0 /C2_0 232 0 R /StructParents 28 >> Thus an undersubscribed school where fewer parents chose to send their children would decrease in size and possibly close, while an oversubscribed school could, if properly managed, expand. /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R << The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. endobj 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R] /Rotate 0 /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Properties << Thirty years on we may be ready for another all-encompassing Education Reform Act. /Annots [127 0 R] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 261 0 R >> /Contents 219 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. stream endobj >> >> /Resources << >> /Rotate 0 << >> What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. /Contents 250 0 R More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers. 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