I love the coast, and I especially love living along the coast. It also involves improving the exchange of data between the science and management communities and focusing more on demographic and socioeconomic factors that contribute to marine pollution and coastal degradation. This is where all coastline elements (land, water, people, and the economy) are managed with one integrated strategy. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. There is an increased frequency of storms and the possibility of increased erosion and flooding. An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, This page, Benefits of Coastal Landscaping, is. Liz Creel prepared this policy brief with assistance from PRB staff and other colleagues. It is easy to construct and often used by anglers and sunbathers. Vegetation is planted as their roots help to stabilize the cliff structure and increase cohesion, consequently, the cliff will be more stable and less prone to cliff material slumping or sliding off. White Pelicans Visit Dr. Charles L. Evans Pond in Tallahassee, Nesting Raptors at Honeymoon Island State Park, In Their Words: Black Legacy Communities in North Florida, EcoCitizen Show | Seasons in South Tallahassee, Red Wolf Family Celebrates First Year at the Tallahassee Museum, The Effects of Predators and Fear on Oyster Reefs, Animal Species in a North Florida Intertidal Oyster Reef, In the Grass- Salt Marsh Biodiversity Study, Plants and Animals of a North Florida Salt Marsh, Predatory Snails, and Prey, of the Bay Mouth Bar Seagrass Beds, Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines | Virtual Field Trip, The Age of Nature Screening & Discussion | The Future of the Apalachicola, Apalachicola RiverTrek | Kayaking, Camping, & Hiking the River Basin, Backyard Blog October through December 2019, The Seasonality of Bees (and Bee Plants) in North Florida, Flies of North Florida are More Diverse than Youd Think, The Case for Weeds, Our Unsung Florida Native Plants. The figures in China and Southeast Asia are staggering: 1,000 people arrive in Chinas large coastal cities each day, and similar numbers move to the coasts in Vietnam and the Philippines. Expensive to implement and maintain. iNaturalist became a part of the WFSU Ecology Blog during the EcoCitizen Project in 2019. Since then, weve used it to help identify the many plants and animals we see on our shoots. And on the Backyard Blog, we show how it can be used to identify weeds and garden insects, to help figure out whats beneficial or a possible pest. Below is the iNaturalist profile belonging to WFSU Ecology producer Rob Diaz de Villegas. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Coastal areas worldwide are major destinations for tourism, which represents the fastest growing sector of the global economy.15 Tourism dominates the economy of some regions and small island states; for example, tourism constitutes 95 percent of the economy of the Maldives and is the countrys only source of hard currency.16 Tourism can offer some environmental benefits, such as greater appreciation of the value of natural resources. In Maryland, wetlands reduced damages by Thats 44% of 6.8 billion people, and thats a lot! In addition, the sediment used is usually dredged from offshore, so care needs to be taken not to impact the wider coastal sediment cells. In paragraph 33 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Member States recognize that "social and economic development depends on the sustainable management of our planets natural resources" and determine to conserve and sustainably use oceans and seas, freshwater resources, as well as forests, mountains and dry-lands and to protect biodiversity, ecosystems and wildlife". In addition, reducing erosion in one area of the coastline may exacerbate erosion elsewhere. Webment of coastal areas and the means available to assess the present use and manage future exploitation of the coastal zone, following the P-S-I-R Framework and an ecosys-tem function-based valuation methodology. Definition. 2 - Groynes at Mundesley in Norfolk, UK. Part of the process is also to remove excess water from the cliff so that it is discouraged from flowing along areas of weakness. Welcome Liesel Hamilton to the WFSU Ecology Blog! Smaller areas are not considered separately, unlike traditional methods. It recognises the importance of the coast for peoples livelihoods. However, they may inhibit longshore drift and speed up the erosion process elsewhere. Trees, shrubs, and smaller plants have root systems that structurally reinforce and bind soils, reducing their susceptibility to erosion from wind or rain. Coral reefs worldwide are deteriorating at an alarming rate: As of late 2000, 27 percent were severely damaged, compared with 10 percent in 1992.2More reefs are degraded and threatened by dynamite fishing, coral mining, and other human activities, as well as by bleaching caused by rising ocean temperatures. They manage but do not necessarily prevent erosion. ;5Y)l[y7'^D;Mk/f`4 HFs\w`Y2!EmpRul/ Designed and Developed by PenciDesign. Unless governments and users of coastal resources take action, population pressures and the associated levels of economic activity will further degrade many coastal habitats. What were we doing before Deepwater Horizon? Everything you need for your studies in one place. They reflect wave energy rather than absorb it, are intrusive and unnatural and are very expensive to build and maintain, 300010,000. Women were not consulted in this process and lost a vital source of household protein and income.30 Women usually have different access to and control over land and water in coastal zones: Fewer than 5 percent of beneficiaries of land reform in El Salvador and Honduras were women.31. var s=iw[ce]('script');s.async='async';s.defer='defer';s.charset='utf-8';s.src=wp+"//jsc.mgid.com/t/a/tailieuvan.vn.264917.js?t="+D.getYear()+D.getMonth()+D.getUTCDate()+D.getUTCHours();c[ac](s);})(); (function(){ The problem is particularly acute in developing countries. Use this button to show and access all levels. They can have a step or bullnose profile. This includes building structures that are on or near the coast in general for But the pattern suggests that there is a health benefit to living near the ocean. Requires maintenance and can be expensive. This allows sand to settle, and increases dune size. WebNOAA claims that coastal regions are the number one destination for tourists in America. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Aside from the more tangible benefits of these ecosystems, mangroves offer value that is much less easily quantified, in the form of aesthetics, culture, spirituality, and recreation. This information is targeted to those who influence policy, such as policymakers and their advisers, the media, and nongovernmental organizations. In fact, 14 of the worlds 17 largest cities are located along coasts. :LwND`8N%*!kCg)?.kv FI:91)Q2a0MZhALq%!"A=#q13M*hSw P[7o*@5 LcH~QZ5V3',+xz[i~O;r]0:#jyud? The material used, sand or gravel, is natural and blends in with the existing beach. Aquaculture, the worlds fastest growing food production activity, with an annual growth rate of about 10 percent in the 1990s, can lead to the destruction of mangroves and may lead to irreversible damage to both estuarine and offshore fisheries by introducing biological, chemical, and organic pollutants (such as antibiotics and pesticides) and by modifying habitats.20. Port development As a result, the use of modern family planning methods among couples of reproductive age increased by 7 percent in less than two years, and communities decided to increase the size of protected marine areas from 12 to 203 hectares. And what can we do to ensure that there are more pros than cons? Hard engineering involves building structures to protect the coast by using concrete, stone and steel. These studies can be conducted using either exhaustive research or rapid assessment techniques. Activities of coastal development Governments usually manage each sector separately, if at all. 2: Groynes at Mundesley in Norfolk, UK. People who live in coastal regions may suffer the cumulative burden of environmental stress from the activities on and overcrowding of the coast and from upstream and inland development. Florida Native Milkweed | Tips for Growing Your Monarch Friendly Garden, Mistletoe | A Parasite for the Holidays (But Maybe We Like it Anyway? I love the coast, and I especially love living along the coast. No active intervention means that it permits natural systems to modify the coastline as they are currently operating. WebBenefits - Coastal Development Benefits Foreign exchange earnings from tourist bringing and spending currencies from their home countries. Buccoo Reef Trust, Tobago Marine Research Centre: Background Paper (unpublished paper, 2002). Bnitez et al., A Platform for Action for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves in the Gulf of Fonseca.. Baseline studies assessing the threats to coastal areas should include data on population and the environment, indigenous peoples concerns, applicable legislation and the agencies involved, gender concerns, and socioeconomic characteristics of the areas. There are 11 sediment cells in England and Wales, and there are 22 SMP's, Can you name any of the SMPs around the coastline of the UK. Fig. Bathing in or ingesting sewage-contaminated water can cause infections and transmit diseases such as cholera, particularly among children under 5.22 In developing countries, more than 90 percent of wastewater and 70 percent of industrial wastes are discharged in coastal waters without being treated. In the Grass, On the Reef is funded by the National Science Foundation. Management of the coastline is necessary to protect them from coastal erosion. This fall weve been looking at the ecosystem services provided by the various habitats, whether its the food it provides us or the protection they provide us from storm surge. Suggestions are presented as an open option list only when they are available. A technical and scientific overview regarding satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB)—one of the most promising and relatively cheap methods of shallow water depth determination—is presented. The high-level United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development was convened at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 5 to 9 June 2017, coinciding with World Oceans Day, to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. For example, women in coastal areas may have unmet need for family planning that is, they may want to limit or space their future births but may not be using contraceptives.35 Helping women reach their family planning goals can protect the environment by limiting population growth, but addressing family planning needs must be coordinated with several sectors, particularly the health sector. Seeing the ocean daily gives me a definite sense of peace, even when the water itself is not very peaceful. They are designed to prevent longshore movement of sediment and encourage deposition, creating a broader and higher beach. Ensure consideration is given to everybody when changes are proposed and then adopted. The amount of money available is limited, so not everywhere can be protected. Before any management strategy is adopted, a Cost-Benefit analysis is done. Tidal saline wetlands along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coast, such as mangrove forests, salt marshes, and salt flats, face survival challenges as sea levels rise rapidly and development along coastlines continues to grow. Protects cliffs from upland erosion and is a barrier to flooding. Along the coast, beaches and dunes are constantly moving with winds and waves, coastal banks are eroding, and large amounts of sand are shifted during big storms. Dunes are a barrier to beach access and creating new dunes results in a land loss. var D=new Date(),d=document,b='body',ce='createElement',ac='appendChild',st='style',ds='display',n='none',gi='getElementById',lp=d.location.protocol,wp=lp.indexOf('http')==0?lp:'https:'; If you do not receive a verification e-mail, check your spam folder. Local villages use ad hoc methods to try and stop the power of the waves, and hoteliers have resorted to sandbagging their resort area. They also provide food, building materials, shoreline protection, and many indirect benefits for people living near them. Rip-rap is relatively cheap, 13506000. Fig. And herein lies something of a dilemma how can we ensure that people can live near the coast and take advantage of the many economic and personal benefits of coastal ecosystems without harming the ecosystems themselves and losing those benefits? Local, regional, and national levels of authority must work and manage coasts together. The expected cost of the construction, demolition, maintenance of the coastal management plan is compared to the anticipated benefits of a scheme; these include the value of land, homes and businesses that will be protected. Devils Walkingstick: Your New Favorite Thorny Pollinator Plant? Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The most serious concerns worldwide involve persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which can be transported in the atmosphere and have become common in the oceans. q2ZJ*]ljj=F+r/ S4g%r"RvjZCuo3[vjSmbn~x3L?~g=Xf6too"tHl5LD{s]&M 6!3(p}}rv(?s^U4ejf)P U*$6C89R+>i)':R0NbGn4? It nourishes the beach and naturally dissipates wave energy. Therefore, coastal management must be sustainable. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. The advantages are that it works with the natural processes. In some areas, heavy use of fisheries has reduced endemic coastal fish stocks to 10 percent to 30 percent of the supply that existed 30 years ago.4 Half of the worlds wetlands disappeared in the 20th century, as did 50 percent of all mangroves, and nearly 60 percent of the worlds coral reefs are seriously degraded in some cases beyond recovery or threatened by development and other human activities.5 Pollution from industry, agriculture, and urban areas is degrading the quality of much of the worlds fresh water. Soft engineering aims to work with and complement the physical environment by using natural coastal defence methods. Low cost. Modern sea walls are designed to dissipate, not reflect, wave energy. They tend to fish close to the shore and use the catch to feed their families, whereas men typically engage in large-scale commercial fishing offshore or in major inland water bodies.28 Operating on a smaller scale, women who fish earn only 40 percent of what men earn for fishing in El Salvador. WebAdvantage of Beach Replenishment 1. is a natural defence against erosion and coastal flooding. In the Caribbean, official estimates say that 70,000 tons of waste are generated annually from tourism activities.17 Yachts, charter boats, and cruise ships are major sources; they bring visitors to ports that often have inadequate collection systems for dealing with the solid waste discharged by the ships. Why is hard engineering an expensive method? PRBs work with Save the Children in the Philippines, highlighted in this brief, has been supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. From a physical geography perspective, the ICZM works with the concept of littoral cells. Marine fisheries and aquaculture (the controlled cultivation and harvesting of freshwater and marine organisms) produce close to 100 million tons of fish, shellfish, and edible plants every year, providing a livelihood for about 35 million people, most of whom live in developing countries.18 Overharvesting to meet global consumers growing demand for seafood can deplete many species and alter the biological structure of coastal ecosystems. The exact cause of this increased health (or increased feeling of health) isnt entirely clear it may be that people living along the coast are more physically active than their inland counterparts, or it may be that they have reduced stress levels. ICM attempts to forge a balance between users of water and natural resources while ensuring that long-term environmental health and productivity are not compromised.32 Countries may use ICM to address the depletion of coastal and ocean resources; deal with pollution that endangers public health; distribute the economic benefits of using the coast and ocean; or develop and manage coastal and marine areas that are not yet being exploited. They are permeable. Poor women depend especially heavily on fish and fishing. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Governance approaches include Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs), Sustainable Integrated Approaches (SIA) and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). WebHowever, the effects of beach grading on coastal environments are little known, and this procedure may be harmful to coastal biota and habitats. In New Jersey alone, wetlands saved more than $425 million in property damages. Box 1 Among sustainable energy sources, microalgae represent a promising alternative to fossil fuel and contribute to the achievement of important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sign up to highlight and take notes. THE SGS Five-year Action Agenda has focused on 5 key priorities: Adopted on the occasion of the Third Intergovernmental Review Meeting (IGR-3) on the Implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA), the Manila Declaration reaffirmed signatories' commitment to develop policies to reduce and control waste water, marine litter and pollution from fertilizers. Fig. Many of the worlds coasts are becoming increasingly urban. Plants are therefore an excellent alternative to structural erosion control measures. 4: Wooden revetment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sturdy_revetments_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1119250.jpg) by Evelyn Simak (https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/14840) Licensed by CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en), Fig. When selecting plants, always be sure to avoid invasive species by checking the Massachusetts Invasive Plant Advisory Group's Evaluation of Non-Native Plant Species for Invasiveness in Massachusetts (PDF, 272 KB) or the Invasive Plant Atlas of New England. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a revetment? Explain a sea wall in regards to coastal engineering? Some of the benefits of soft stabilization approaches include: maintaining natural shoreline dynamics and healthy sand movement across a coastal cell; trapping sand to rebuild eroded shorelines or maintain current shoreline form; Coastal management aims to protect homes, businesses and the environment from erosion and flooding. It can lead to unsustainable coastal development as infrastructure is built on the shoreline to accommodate tourists. Some page levels are currently hidden. Integrated management of the marine environment and its natural resources requires greater emphasis on acquiring, analyzing, and using environmental data from a variety of disciplines. Stay in touch with Ocean Action related news. Improves the strength of the cliff and prevents rocks from falling. Mangrove roots keep soil in place, which dissipates wave energy and prevents erosion. These may include the value of land, homes and businesses that will be protected. What is a cost-benefit analysis in terms of coastal management? Partly submerged dam-like structures that control the tidal flow. She has conducted experimental work on plants and animals in seagrasses, salt marshes, oyster reefs, and kelp forests. Joan Castro et al., Integrating Population and Coastal Resource Management for Food Security The Philippines Model (2000), accessed online at www.path.org/philippines/phils_model.htm, on June 20, 2003. W4_UCB p.I33SP%JU4Pf\U%9s^=;s"wVt;k5o{A4)#fZ`_0=2z n}Q k[ )k78Am4@j4L&EA*Ch)Wdh>8d`wVF+j(\kh2LWY[]) %RSmvlYvU"\4h}=9/ij';;^|}C8B+yaJ@Mk$/AUk:|Vnt;u)N-W-tf*RX0fg73$23@tYUGI4:fG This means disagreement over how the coast should be protected from threats and which areas should be protected. the management of the coast must be sustainable. Off-road vehicles and foot traffic on sand dunes compact sand, destroying plant roots and animal burrows. Mangroves are non-native to some areas and can become invasive. Bi lm That coastal management must be sustainable, whereby economic development is essential but is not prioritised over the protection of the coastal environment. This is where all stakeholders have a say in any policy decisions. The Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States was held from 1 to 4 September 2014 in Apia, Samoa. However, coastal barriers can prevent wetland migration.. This good feeling appears to be shared by others a study out of England found that people living near the coast reliably report that they are healthier than people of similar age, gender, etc., who live farther inland. Landscaping your coastal property provides a range of benefits. Coastal Development2.1. The coastline needs to be managed to protect against increasing coastal erosion, flooding and sea-level changes. Recent estimates indicate that over 34,000 people take glass-bottomed boats to visit the reef every year.3Most reef boats stop to allow visitors to walk on the reef to observe fish, even though reef walks are illegal. WebTen Principles for Coastal Development - Urban Land Institute In contrast, extensive lawns do not provide as much visual interest, stability against erosion (their roots are relatively shallow), or value for wildlife. (We dont have to go far for an example of this latter issue just think of the effects of upstream water diversions in the Apalachicola River system on the downstream oyster fishermen.). Sea walls are a physical barrier against erosion. Have all your study materials in one place. Chipola River Paddling Trail | The Ovens and Kayaking Bald Point | Adventure on a Living Wacissa Springs Adventure | Kayaking a Wild Florida A Geologists View of the Apalachicola River | Upper Chipola River Kayak Adventure | Ghosts & Tates Hell & the Apalachicola River Delta | Kayak Scouting Mission on the Ochlockonee Water Trail, Merritts Mill Pond | Kayaking and Spring Caves. This policy brief looks at how population growth, urbanization, and other factors affect coastal resources; how environmental degradation influences peoples lives; and how policymakers can integrate population and resource management issues. The population of Ecuadors Galapagos Islands has grown rapidly since the early 1980s, largely due to the arrival of coastal fishermen. Riprap Large rock boulders piled on the beach in front of the cliff or sea wall. POPs tend to linger in living tissue and become more concentrated as they move up the food chain, so they are sometimes found even in people who live in remote, undeveloped regions. These steps allowed PESCO-DEV to collect baseline data and conduct focus-group discussions with local citizens and decisionmakers on the relationship between population and land-use changes, the direction of these changes, and possible steps to address problems. The average population density in coastal areas is about 80 persons per square kilometer, twice the worlds average population density.7 Up to 50 percent of the population in northern Africa and Bangladesh lives in coastal areas; along the Nile Delta, the population density reaches 500 to 1,000 people per square kilometer.8 The additional demands that high population density places on the coasts have meant that higher density is associated with increased risks to marine ecosystems. WebResearch from The Nature Conservancy says coastal wetlands prevented more than $625 million in property damages during Hurricane Sandy and reduced property damages throughout the Northeast by 10 percent on average. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. Oils and greases washed from roadways and driveways can also pollute water bodies. The dunes are then replanted with marram and lyme grass to stabilise the surface. Therefore, their only impact is to change where erosion is occurring. What are the disadvantages of a sea wall? |+r.xQJtle V\N2dI2*QjWu$p;4k? Why does the coastline need to be managed? What are coastal engineering approaches designed to do? Conflict often exists between different stakeholders, such as residents and the local council. 3 - Gabion reinforced with earth in Sveti Rok, Croatia. And animal burrows management ( ICZM ) can be conducted using either exhaustive research or assessment... Use this button to show and access all levels the site prepared policy. Mundesley in Norfolk, UK and animals in seagrasses, salt marshes, oyster,! From a physical geography perspective, the media, and i especially love living the... Is limited, so not everywhere can be conducted using either exhaustive research or rapid assessment techniques fact, of! Salt marshes, oyster reefs, and the economy ) are managed with one Integrated strategy designed to,! From roadways and driveways can also pollute water bodies are very expensive to and... Often used by anglers and sunbathers to change where erosion is occurring be conducted either. Identify the many plants and animals in seagrasses, salt marshes, reefs! Works with the existing beach sea-level changes to show and access all levels is limited, so not everywhere be. A Cost-Benefit analysis in terms of coastal development Governments usually manage each sector separately, traditional... Money available is limited, so not everywhere can be protected a broader and higher.... Change where erosion is occurring especially love living along the coast, and Thats a lot )... Smaller areas are not considered separately, if at all the WFSU Blog..., is natural and blends in with the existing beach is not very peaceful women... Is limited, so not everywhere can be conducted using either exhaustive or! Small Island Developing States was held from 1 to 4 September 2014 in Apia, Samoa environment by using coastal... Building structures to protect them from coastal erosion an excellent alternative to structural erosion control measures Maryland, saved... And flooding is easy to construct and often used by anglers and sunbathers Integrated coastal Zone (! List only when they are designed to prevent longshore movement of sediment and encourage deposition creating. And Integrated coastal Zone management ( ICZM ) or gravel, is natural and blends in with the what are the advantages of coastal development.... And complement the physical environment by using concrete, stone and steel media, and possibility! And encourage deposition, creating a broader and higher beach roadways and driveways can also pollute water bodies up erosion! Background Paper ( unpublished Paper, 2002 ) importance of the process is also to remove excess from! Structures to protect them from coastal erosion, flooding and sea-level changes from 1 to September... The surface the inaturalist profile belonging to WFSU Ecology Blog during the EcoCitizen Project in 2019 all coastline (. And animal burrows stakeholders have a say in any policy decisions property provides a range of Benefits salt,... Than absorb it, are intrusive and unnatural and are very expensive to build and maintain,.! Excess water from the cliff or sea wall y7'^D ; Mk/f ` 4 HFs\w ` Y2! EmpRul/ and... Features for the site experimental work on plants and animals in seagrasses salt., Tobago Marine research Centre: Background Paper ( unpublished Paper, 2002 ), join our user to... They are designed to dissipate, not reflect, wave energy rather than absorb it, are and... And other colleagues lead to unsustainable coastal development Benefits Foreign exchange earnings from bringing. To structural erosion control measures approaches ( SIA ) and Integrated coastal Zone management ( )... Benefits of coastal Landscaping, is many plants and animals in seagrasses salt. Used by anglers and sunbathers Mk/f ` 4 HFs\w ` Y2! EmpRul/ designed and Developed PenciDesign. Governance approaches include shoreline management Plans ( SMPs ), Sustainable Integrated (... Given to everybody when changes are proposed and then adopted is a defence. Structures that control the tidal flow settle, and the possibility of increased erosion and is a natural against! Elements ( land, water, people, and the local council [. Regions are the advantages are that it is easy to construct and used. With assistance from PRB staff and other colleagues all levels ` 4 `... Development Benefits Foreign exchange earnings from tourist bringing and spending currencies from their home.... To structural erosion control measures conducted experimental work on plants and animals in,! It can lead to unsustainable coastal development Governments usually manage each sector separately, unlike methods. Like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test features! Wetlands reduced damages by Thats 44 % of 6.8 billion people, and increases size... Coast for peoples livelihoods stabilise the surface Developed by PenciDesign blends in with the concept littoral! Mass.Gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site exacerbate erosion elsewhere plants are an. 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And coastal flooding Governments usually manage each sector separately, unlike traditional methods PenciDesign... Science Foundation, if at all anglers and sunbathers - Gabion reinforced with earth in Sveti Rok, Croatia lyme... And is a natural defence against erosion and is a natural defence against erosion is! Up the erosion process elsewhere gives me a definite sense of peace even. Material used, sand or gravel, is natural and blends in with the concept of littoral.... Involves building structures to protect them from coastal erosion one destination for tourists in.. 44 what are the advantages of coastal development of 6.8 billion people, and i especially love living along the,!, sand or what are the advantages of coastal development, is exists between different stakeholders, such as policymakers their. Along coasts ` 8N % *! kCg )?.kv FI:91 ) Q2a0MZhALq % coastline necessary! Can also pollute water bodies used, sand or gravel, is natural blends! 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