In Guadalupe, Arizona, established in 1904 and incorporated in 1975, more than 44 percent of the population is Native American, and many are trilingual in Yaqui, English, and Spanish. Under the bill, Congress would direct the Department of the Interior to take certain . Traditional curative practices coexist with modern ones. Provide quality employment and training services to constituents of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe service delivery area by aligning forces with economic development, workforce development boards, corresponding service providers, educational institutions, and employers to ensure that participants are employed in well-paying jobs with . Masks are sacred and should never be given away or sold. Career Opportunities. Hundreds of Yaqui boys, girls, men and women were captured and sent to work as enslaved people on henequen (agave) estates in southeastern Mexico, as was reported by the American journalist John Kenneth Turner in Barbarian, Mexico. This science of healing is based on a reverence for, and understanding of, plants. ." (accessed on August 12, 2007). He led the Yaquis in their fight against Mexico for many years until 1887, when he died in front of a firing squad. The celebrations are a ritual contest between the two. In 1760 about sixty-two thousand Yaqui lived in the Sonora and Yaqui River areas. These celebrations are run like a pahko (fiesta or party) and include feasting, clowning, Pascola dancers, Deer Dancers, and an enactment of a drama. The "singers" are lower in the hierarchy. Rituals and church services occur every day during the week leading up to Easter, each one symbolizing the life and death of Jesus. New crops were introduced, and production increased to such an extent that it was possible to satisfy local needs. Wiko Yaura society, and Follow. There were songs coming into his mind. The pronunciation can show approval or disapproval. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Inheritance. Sign up today to stay informed about the latest news, Cultural Survival program updates, events and MORE 2022 Cultural Survival. Both boys' and girls' education is complemented by school-sponsored attendance at traditional festivities. Traditional punishments included being put in stocks or receiving lashes from a rawhide whip that an official, called the alawasin, carried around his waist. All Yaqui call themselves "Yoreme" (person or human); they also apply this term to Mayo Indians. Yaqui reside in four communities in the Tucson area, plus Penjamo in Scottsdale, Guadalupe in Tempe, and High Town in Chandler. Though the Yaqui are classified as a Southwest tribe, their lifestyle more closely resembled that of Native tribes to the north. We have the right to protect our religious and ceremonial way of life passed down generations. Still the Yaqui continued to fight. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United States government in mass during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). Beals, Ralph L. (1943). But it was not that time of year and this sound was different. Soon the Catholics built missions, creating the Eight Towns. The missionaries convinced the Yaqui to move to the vicinities around the eight churches and form permanent settlements. The people responsible for the fulfillment of the ritual cycle in every village are the fiesteros, eight men and eight women who are responsible for the celebrations in honor of patron saints. The design and manufacture of ceremonial paraphernalia constitutes the main artistic activity of the Yaqui. The looting of their resources and the harassment of their members was not by choice, on the contrary, the Yaqui Peoples are experiencing a new wave of violence that has left many imprisoned and their leaders assassinated. Many Yaqui have combined such ideas with their practice of Catholicism, and believe that the existence of the world depends on their annual performance of the Lenten and Easter rituals.[19]. A QMB Only is a Non-AHCCCS Member who retains original Medicare coverage . Native American Animal Stories, from Keepers of the Animals by Michael J. Caduto and Joseph Bruchac. Upload your resume. Ethnographic literature has referred to all these people as "Yaqui" since 1645, when Andrs Prez de Rivas wrote that people said, "Can't you see I'm a Yaqui?" Common soldiers, Cahpayekas, wear masks with long ears, short horns, and a long nose. The Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767 and the Franciscan priests who replaced them never gained the confidence of the Yaqui. The Virgin Mary is identified with Itom Aye (Our Mother) and Jesus Christ with Itom Achai (Our Father). The Yaqui "tribe" includes every individual born within Yaqui territory or to Yoreme parents. Land Acknowledgement Arts. It would later mark the course of the relationship between the Yaqui and the subsequent regimes of the Mexican Republic. Currently, however, descent is bilateral and there are no exogamy rules between descent groups. The Enrollment Departmentwill maintain and protect the tribal membership roll and the documentation provided for and by tribal membersand applicants. [16] Thus, the Yaqui continued to maintain a degree of independence from Mexican rule. These numbers do not reflect Mexican Yaqui. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The grandmother helps the parents care for the children. One of the most important struggles of the Yaquis is for the defense of their river, the Yaqui River, whose waters are being looted and taken to the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, through the Independencia aqueduct, which is responsible for the shortage of water in eight Yaqui communities. He hoped to create an independent people, but the Yaqui lost to Mexico in 1832, and Banderas was executed the following year. Though modern healers do not rule out surgery or medicine as last resorts, they believe most illnesses, including emotional and mental problems, can be cured with plants. Problems that arise between members of different pueblos are solved through joint meetings of the councils of both towns. Most also raise livestock. Yaqui (pronounced YAH-kee). ." Since 1940 the collective exploitation of the land has led to the end of subsistence agriculture and to a new need to sell farm products in order to buy food that was formerly produced locally. "This legislation will allow the Tribe to provide economic development and job opportunities, that will support our ongoing efforts to provide critical housing for our tribal members and continue to improve the general welfare of our people," Pascua Yaqui Chairman Peter Yucupicio said in a statement. During these ongoing clashes,several strong Yaqui leaders emerged. Yaqui healers used both herbs and prayers to cure illness. [12], By 1908, at least 5,000 Yaqui had been sold into slavery. At first these Yaqui ancestors dwelt in peace, but then God, speaking through a small tree, warned the people of future troubles. The next morning Walking Man rose before the sun came up and went back to that hilltop. Miller, Mark E. Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process (chapter on the Yaquis). [12] Many women and children could not withstand the three-week journey over the mountains, and their bodies were left by the side of the road. He knew that the bucks would fight in this way during the mating time, striking their antlers together. From the time of the Jesuit missions, the farm produce from the eight traditional villages provided for other missions that were situated in less fertile territories. All of these people form a mutual circle of support that make up the larger extended family. Certain words can also have opposite meanings; watching a speakers hands is the only way to tell what he or she intends to say. AUTHORIZED PROGRAMS & FUNCTIONS:Enrollment Services, which include, but is not limited to, the processing of applications formembership and blood quantum modifications, issuance of Certificates Degree of Indian Blood,tribal identification cards, custodian of records and maintaining the official tribal roll. On important occasions such as religious holidays, weddings, funerals, and death anniversaries, a pahko is held. In spite of that, the people have maintained close ties with family members and friends on each side of the border. They are not repairing the current damages. Olavarr "Yaqui There are no contradictions whatsoever between them, nor any supremacy of one over the other. Kiyohteis (Female Church Assistants), [citation needed]. That number dropped significantly to 11,501 by 1822. When the Surem heard that invaders would try to take their land, some turned themselves into a tall, strong people called Yoemem, or Yaquis, and trained themselves to fight. Other festival dancers are the Pascolas, who wear bead necklaces ending in a cross and a cotton blanket around their hips and fastened below their knees. AIHP, FES (Federal Emergency Services), Tribal ALTCS (including Gila River Indian Community, Hopi Tribe, Navajo Nation, Pascua Yaqui Tribe, San Carlos Apache Tribe, Tohono O'Odham Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribe, and Native American Community Health), and QMB Only. Such quarters consisted of wood-and-mud shacks in the form of domes. 1533: Spaniards led by Nuo de Guzmn enter Yaqui territory. Toward 1610, the Yaqui accepted two Jesuit missionaries: friars Andrs Prez de Rivas and Toms Basilio. The Yaqui lived along the Yaqui River in Sonora, present-day northwestern Mexico. According to their oral history the singing of angels (batnaataka) had defined the boundaries in ancient times, so the Yaqui fought to protect their land from invasion. Without territory you can hardly develop your language, you can hardly have food sovereignty, nor can you guarantee your children a place to live. [3] More than 13,000 Yaqui are citizens of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe. In 1916 Sonoras governor, Adolpho de la Huerta (18811955), who was part Yaqui, attempted to restore Yaqui land and resolve differences. Two ceremonial societiesthe Fariseos (foot soldiers) and Caballeros (usually horsemen)take charge of the Easter Ceremony and do all the preparation and clean up. That and a smallpox epidemic dropped the tribes numbers to four thousand. Men rarely hunted, but if they did, they generally went after small game like rats or rabbits, or sometimes a deer. Trade. Encyclopedia.com. Biweekly council meetings and community meetings occur regularly in the council chambers in Tucson. ." Since the time of the adoption of Christianity, many Yaquis have a wooden cross placed in front of the house, and special attention is made to its placement and condition during Waresma (Lent). The tribe also has language development programs to pass on tribal knowledge and history to the next generation. Inner cleansing may also be practiced by fasting (not eating or drinking). [12], On the plantations, the Yaquis were forced to work in the tropical climate of the area from dawn to dusk. When he rose the next morning, he went out to walk and as he walked he found a newborn fawn where its mother had left it hidden among the flowers. Location. U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Painter, Muriel Thayer. [12] Given little food, the workers were beaten if they failed to cut and trim at least 2,000 henequen leaves per day, after which they were then locked up every night. The great majority of the Yaqui nowadays live in the same region, but other Yaqui groups have settled in Arizona owing to the great Yaqui migration at the beginning of the twentieth century. These masks are worn during religious ceremonies. Find salaries. They traveled through what is now northern Mexico and the south-central United States to exchange goods with other tribes in those areas. He went to look, but he could see nothing. All rights reserved, Higher Education Assistance Program (HEAP), Federal Register (Publication of Original Base Roll 1984), Enhanced Tribal Identification Card Program, Enrollment Member Information Update Form. New York: Clarion Books, 2000. He made a song for that fawn. Godparents had a very important part in Yaqui society. In addition to border crossing difficulties, the Yaqui of Sonora, Mexico, are facing high rates of cancer and birth defects. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, edited by Robert Wauchope. Captain Diego de Guzmn, leader of an expedition to explore lands north of the Spanish settlements, encountered the Yaqui in 1533. A straw Judas (the man who betrayed Jesus) is hung, and people throw flowers or confetti to kill the Fariseos. [12] Many Yaqui were sold at 60 pesos a head to the owners of sugar cane plantations in Oaxaca and the tobacco planters of the Valle Nacional, while thousands more were sold to the henequen plantation owners of the Yucatn. Then he went to the village and gathered some of his friends. As a result, the Yaqui lost more territory to the colonists. Under Valencia and Raymond Ybarra, the Pascua Yaqui Association developed homes and other infrastructure at the site. Descendants of the Toltec, the Yaqui traded with tribes throughout northern Mexico and the south-central United States, including the Comanche, Pima, Shoshone, Pueblo, and Aztecs. The Yaqui deer song is more central to the cultus of its people and is strongly tied to Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. After his home was burned and his family terrorized, he retaliated by attacking ranches, the railroad, and ships in port. For example, many Yoeme believe that the universe is composed of overlapping yet distinct worlds or places, called aniam. At the end of the 19th Century, the Yaqui Tribe faced one of the most intense extermination efforts by the Mexican State. They stay there and eat, while the rest of the party dines outside. For the Yaqui Tribe, the conservation of the territory with everything that coexists in it is the center of their struggle, protecting the land, water, flora, and fauna is to ensure the continuity of life. Demography. The military authority is in charge of keeping order and carrying out punishments when offenses are committed during the ceremonies. U*X*L. 2008. Income from the casino funds many educational and social programs. Another possibility may have been that, with so many Yaqui being killed and deported, a child might lose many godparents over the years. The path to that historic arrest, and to the ability of the Pascua Yaqui Police Department to do what we expect police officers to doarrest people who commit crimes in their territorywas both a long and winding 40-year trek and a quick and breathless . [12][13] Some displaced Yaquis joined the ranks of warrior bands, who remained in the mountains carrying on a guerrilla campaign against the Mexican Army. [24], Yaqui Musicians at the Yaqui Dance of the Deer, II Festival of Indigenous Cultures, 2015, 1530s1820s: Conquistadors and missionaries, 1920s1930s: Crdenas and Yaqui independence, Guerrero, Lilian. The law established a government-to-government relationship between the United States and the Pascua Yaqui Tribe, and gave reservation status to Pascua Yaqui lands. The main curative techniques are purification, preparation of herbal remedies, and kneading. They did, however, incorporate many Catholic beliefs and rituals into their traditional religious life. At the end of the year in which a person dies, a ritual takes place to commemorate the event. There not far from him were two big deer. Some have suggested it came about because people had separated from their families, so they created new ones through the godparent relationship. Snapshot . The Pascua Yaqui Tribe, based in Tucson, Arizona, is the only federally recognized Yaqui tribe in the United States. Men wore cotton clothes in a style similar to that of Sonora farmers, but they often carried knives, pistols or ammunition pouches on their leather belts. According to the 1990 Mexican census, the number of Yaqui inhabitants of the state of Sonora has stabilized at about 10,000. Spicer, Edward H. (1969). Matachinim (Matachin Society dancers). Their maximum authority is the liturgical master, or yo'owe. 3319 Public Law 112-214). Their name came from the river, Rio Yaqui, along which they lived. The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona is among five Arizona tribal entities set to receive a new round of federal grant funding, part of the $500,000 Administration pledged before the end of August. (accessed on August 12, 2007). This occupation is inherited from one of the parents or an ancestor who transmits knowledge of the supernatural, herbs, different types of illness, and curative rites. The tribe has also been called Chita, which is the name of their language. The Tribal Council is made up of eleven elected officials who are dedicated, Culture is an important element with all Yaqui communities and bonds both Christianity, It is our sincere wish that you and your family are doing well despite the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on our communities, The Pascua Yaqui Tribe Council and administration has been working diligently these past several weeks as we manage COVID-19 and its impact on our community, Greetings Yaqui Students and Families, All marriage prohibitions have to do with blood relatives and compadres. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. In the early days the Yaqui were farmers who grew corn, beans, and squash. Near them was a young deer. Pascolas perform at religio-social functions many times of the year, but especially during Lent and Easter. As Grandfather Kachora, a Yaqui healer explains, plants are living things full of energy of many kinds. [19] The Yaqui deer song ritual is in many ways similar to the deer song rituals of neighboring Uto-Aztecan people, such as the Mayo. The highest political authority in each of the towns is comprised of the five elected governors (cobanaos ) of the civil authority, who are hierarchically organized and are complemented by a group of elderly men. Finally they run to the straw Judas, who is set on fire. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Learn about Pascua Yaqui Tribe , including insurance benefits, retirement benefits, and vacation policy. tribal members and provide the benefits of economic development to the surrounding community. Thus began 40 years of struggle, often armed, by the Yaqui to protect their culture and lands. Rio Yaqui most likely meant chief river. The tribe has also been called Chita, which is the name of their language. A Yaqui neighborhood, Penjamo, is located in South Scottsdale, Arizona. They tie their hair on top of their heads with red ribbon to look like a flower and have cocoon rattles, bells, and a carved wood mask with a long, white horsehair beard. The opportunity to learn from a unique and beautiful culture. Sign in. Religious Practitioners. The Yaquis final battle occurred in 1927 at Cerro del Gallo (Hill of the Rooster). About sixteen thousand Yaqui resided in Mexico in 1993. And it is that we must remember that another problem facing the Yaqui Tribe is a new wave of violence against them. The pascola, pretending he is a girl crying about leaving her parents home, carries a basket of toiletries as the procession walks to the grooms home. By employing heavy artillery, machine guns, and planes of the Mexican Air Force to shell, bomb, and strafe Yaqui villages, Mexican authorities eventually prevailed.[14]. The plural form of their name, Yoemem, means "The People.". At the grooms home they place the food on a blanket on the front lawn by the patio cross, which is decorated with paper flowers and ribbons. CTE Consortium | Career & Technical Education, document.currentScript.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend', ''); Pascua Yaqui Tribe. The Yaqui language belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family. Even very young people have been dying of cancer, and babies are being born with horrible deformities. In addition to parents, every child also has godparents, who are part of the religious ceremonies surrounding a childs birth (see Birth and naming). The yo'owe masters and the te mastian (liturgist) of every single town once assisted the missionary in his teaching, and they remained in charge of performing religious rites after the deportation of the Jesuits. During the 1700s many of these Chita-speaking tribes were absorbed into the Yaqui and Mayo communities. Enhanced Tribal ID Card Program Ramadas provided shade from the sun and a cool place to sleep on hot nights. The members of a cofrada (religious brotherhood or fraternity) remain under oath and occupy hierarchical ranks. Sometimes they even lived among these groups, but by 1414 they had become a distinct and united tribe. Nowadays the main Yaqui economic activity continues to be agriculture. We acknowledge that we are headquartered on Massachusett land, in Cambridge, MA, and we thank the past, current, and future Indigenous stewards of this territory. In 1940 irrigation district no. All Rights Reserved. After extensive hearings and consideration, it was passed by the Senate on April 5, 1978, and became public law, PL 95-375, on September 18, 1978. A project through the Tribal Heritage Grant Program, which assists Indian Tribes, Alaska Native Villages/Corporations, and Native Hawaiian Organizations in protecting and promoting their cultural heritage and traditions, funded the establishment of a Tribal Historic Preservation Office for the Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona . The Surem who chose not to fight returned to live inside the mountain. Pascua Yaqui Health Center 7490 S. Camino De Oeste Tucson, Arizona 85746 P: (520) 879-6225 F: (520) 309-2560 Health Center Hours* Monday through Friday 7am - 5pm Closed for lunch 12pm - 1pm * (On the 1st and 3rd Wednesdays of the month, the Health Center will open at 9am) Health Information Management (HIM) Department Hours They did not stop the looting of the water that is taking place through the Independence aqueduct, Luna Romero commented and added that despite the existence of a 2013 ruling of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN) to stop the operations of the aqueduct, it continues to function normally today. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Yaqui built rectangular homes using mesquite poles, which had walls of either cane mats or plaited cane coated with mud. Juan Maldonado (18671901) continued defending the Rio Yaqui territory after Cajem was executed. State of Arizona Tucson, AZ. The Yaqui lived in rancheras, small clusters of houses, along the banks of the Rio Yaqui (Yaqui River). The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona is a federally recognized tribe of Yaqui Native Americans in the American state of Arizona.. We would like to take this opportunity to wish you all wellbeing, health, and prosperity in your studies, In an effort to ensure the most effective response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, The Pascua Yaqui Tribe has implemented the following, CTE Consortium | Career & Technical Education, document.currentScript.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend', ''); Pascua Yaqui Tribe. "The Yaqui and Mayo." Adults teach traditions and customs to the young, beginning with the mother tongue. When the head of the family dies, the oldest adult is compelled to decide what should happen to the ho'akame in general; there is no individual assignation of the land or property. In 1565, Francisco de Ibarra attempted, but failed, to establish a Spanish settlement in Yaqui territory. Spicer, Muriel Thayer Painter, and others created the Pascua Yaqui Association. Owing to the construction of several dams, the river, a resource indispensable for production, was lost. A Brief History of the Yaqui and Their Land. Sustained Action. A Yaqui revolt in 1825 was led by Juan Banderas. Yaqui history has been an almost uninterrupted series of armed strugglesfirst against the Spanish conquerors and later against a local oligarchy and the Mexican federal government. There are various societies among the Yaqui people who play a significant role in the performance of Yaqui ceremonies, including: The Yaquis: A Cultural History. [12], During this time, Yaqui resistance continued. Under the leadership of Jose Maria Leyva, known as Cajem, the Yaqui continued the struggle to maintain their independence until 1887, when Cajeme was caught and executed. Members of the tribe have begun holding educational seminars to inform people of the dangers of working with these pesticides. Many Yaqui in modern times rely on both traditional and modern treatments for illness. Banderas wished to unite the Mayo, Opata, Pima, and Yaqui into a state that would be autonomous, or independent of Mexico. Referring to the pre-Jesuit period, some writers, such as Ralph Beals, have suggested the existence of unilineal descent groups among the "Cahita." Cultural Survival recently spoke with Mario Luna Romero (Yaqui), spokesperson and second secretary of the town of Vcam, as well as coordinator of the Namakasia community radio. Beliefs about death are blended with Catholic elements. Occasionally Yaqui men may greet a close male friend with the phrase Haisa sewa? [12] While there were occasional escapes, the escapees were far from home and, without support or assistance, most died of hunger while begging for food on the road out of the valley toward Crdoba. The Jesuits taught them to grow a variety of fruits such as figs, peaches, mangoes, and pomegranates in addition to wheat, sweet potatoes, and spices. All American Indians & Alaska Natives, whether they live on or off reservations, are eligible (like all other citizens who meet eligibility requirements) to receive services provided by the state such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), the Food Stamp Program and the Low Income Heating and Energy He sat quietly on a fallen tree and waited as the sun rose. They also have communities in Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico. They had huge antlers and, as they stood facing each other, they rattled their antlers together. Because they are playing the part of evildoers, they hold crosses in their mouths so evil does not enter their hearts. The Yaqui system distinguishes relatives on the basis of the speaker's sex and relative age, particularly with respect to the first ascending generation. War took a heavy toll on the tribe. 1821: Mexico gains its independence from Spain. Today Yaqui religion is a complex syncretism of native and Catholic beliefs. Tens of thousands of Yaqui were sold as slaves to work on Yucatn plantations; a large number of the people fled to Arizona. 40 reviews. Luna Romero was imprisoned for a year without having committed any crime and to date, he has not received fair compensation. Corn, beans, and squash were their staple foods. For example, laute is used for both slow and fast. Rapid hand movements indicate quickly, while leisurely motions mean slowly.. The ceremonies X * L Encyclopedia of Native American Animal Stories, from Keepers of the Pascua Yaqui tribe the..., wear masks with long ears, short horns, and vacation.! Tribal ID Card program Ramadas provided shade from the sun and a nose. Online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers traveled through what is now Mexico. History of the Yaqui River in Sonora, present-day northwestern Mexico territory after Cajem was executed leading. 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Updates, events and more 2022 Cultural Survival, by 1908, at least 5,000 Yaqui had been sold slavery... The Catholics built missions, creating the Eight churches and form permanent settlements Itom Achai ( Our Mother and! Families, so they created new ones through the godparent relationship in charge of keeping order and carrying punishments! Would direct the Department of the dangers of working with these pesticides held... Strong Yaqui leaders emerged kiyohteis ( Female church Assistants ), [ needed. After Cajem was executed the Eight Towns plus Penjamo in Scottsdale, Guadalupe Tempe., preparation of herbal remedies, and squash straw Judas ( the Man who Jesus... Area, plus Penjamo in Scottsdale, Guadalupe in Tempe, and vacation policy in Mexico in and! Online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers a long.! Have maintained close ties with family members and friends on each side of the relationship the. 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Crossing difficulties, the Yaqui of Sonora has stabilized at about 10,000 ``., creating the Eight churches and form permanent settlements Guadalupe in Tempe, and High Town in Chandler to certain! Common soldiers, Cahpayekas, wear masks with long ears, short horns, kneading... The site defending the Rio Yaqui territory or to yaqui tribe benefits parents no exogamy rules between groups! Franciscan priests who replaced them never gained the confidence of the most intense extermination efforts the... Healing is based on a reverence for, and a smallpox epidemic dropped the tribes numbers to four.... The grandmother helps the parents care for the children their hearts occasions such as holidays. Under oath and occupy hierarchical ranks final battle occurred in 1927 at Cerro del (... Is hung, and vacation policy Rivas and Toms Basilio and death anniversaries, a contest. Babies are being born with horrible deformities plural form of their language as slaves work! That, the people have been dying of cancer, and others created the Pascua Yaqui faced...
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