This page titled 2.6: Instant Runoff Voting is shared under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Lippman (The OpenTextBookStore) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Consider again the election from Try it Now 1. The 20 voters who did not list a second choice do not get transferred - they simply get eliminated, \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|} The following video provides anotherview of the example from above. Ballot (and voter) exhaustion under instant runoff voting: An examination of four ranked-choice elections, Electoral Studies, 37, 41-49. After transferring votes, we find that Carter will win this election with 51 votes to Adams 49 votes! \hline & 3 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 1 \\ In other words, for three candidates, IRV benefits the second-place candidate and harms the first-place candidate, except in two boundary cases. However, employing the IRV algorithm, we eliminate candidate B and redistribute the votes resulting in Candidate C winning under IRV. We find that the probability that the algorithms produce concordant results in a three-candidate election approaches 100 percent as the ballot dispersion decreases. \hline & 136 & 133 \\ \end{array}\). 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With IRV, the result can be, (get extreme candidates playing to their base). Plurality Under the plurality system, the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not have a majority, and even if most voters have a strong preference against the candidate. All of the data simulated agreed with this fact. This voting method is used in several political elections around the world, including election of members of the Australian House of Representatives, and was used for county positions in Pierce County, Washington until it was eliminated by voters in 2009. \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|} Second choices are not collected. \hline 5^{\text {th }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} \\ In an instant runoff election, voters can rank as many candidates as they wish. Page 3 of 12 Instant Runoff Voting. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to hold one million mock elections using both algorithms and then assess whether winner concordance occurred. When one specific ballot has more than half the votes, the election algorithms always agree. The most typical scenarios of the spoiler effect involve plurality voting, our choose-one method. Available: www.doi.org/10.1137/18S016709. \hline Still no majority, so we eliminate again. This voting method is used in several political elections around the world, including election of members of the Australian House of Representatives, and was used for county positions in Pierce County, Washington until it was eliminated by voters in 2009. The IRV algorithm, on the other hand, attempts to address these concerns by incorporating more information on voter preferences and cross-correlations in support among candidates. They simply get eliminated. Voters choose their preferred candidate, and the one with the most votes is elected. \hline & 3 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 1 \\ Available: www.doi.org/10.1089/1533129041492150. \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \text { D } & \text { B } & \text { D } & \text { B } & \text { B } \\ The Plurality winner in each election is straightforward. \end{array}\), G has the fewest first-choice votes, so is eliminated first. It refers to Ranked Choice Voting when there's more than one winner. Instant Runoff 1.C Practice - Criteria for: - Election involving 2 people - Look at the values - Studocu Benjamin Nassau Quantitative Reasoning criteria for: election involving people look at the values candidates have candidates background what the majority votes Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew A majority would be 11 votes. The 214 people who voted for Don have their votes transferred to their second choice, Key. Round 2: We make our second elimination. \hline \hline The remaining candidates will not be ranked. Notice that the first and fifth columns have the same preferences now, we can condense those down to one column. If a majority of voters only prefer one first-choice candidate and strongly oppose the other candidates, then the candidate that most voters prefer will be elected through Plurality voting. Still no majority, so we eliminate again. \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} 1. W: 37+9=46. These situations are extremely uncommon in a two-party system, where the third-party candidate generally garners little support. \hline If no candidate has a majority of first preferences, the least popular candidate is eliminated and their votes. This doesnt seem right, and introduces our second fairness criterion: If voters change their votes to increase the preference for a candidate, it should not harm that candidates chances of winning. If a candidate wins a majority of first-preference votes, he or she is declared the winner. plurality elections or instant runoff voting grade 10 1170l Initially, If there are no primaries, we may need to figure out how to vet candidates better, or pass morerequirements for candidates to qualify to run. This is similar to the idea of holding runoff elections, but since every voters order of preference is recorded on the ballot, the runoff can be computed without requiring a second costly election. A plurality voting system is an electoral system in which the winner of an election is the candidate that received the highest number of votes. plural pluralities 1 : the state of being plural or numerous 2 a : the greater number or part a plurality of the nations want peace b : the number of votes by which one candidate wins over another c \hline 1^{\text {st choice }} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{E} \\ Wanting to jump on the bandwagon, 10 of the voters who had originally voted in the order Brown, Adams, Carter change their vote to favor the presumed winner, changing those votes to Adams, Brown, Carter. (I have not seen that proposed in the U.S.) This might be interpreted as, your choice, or forcing you to vote against your, I have not seen this discussed yet, but if there are, many choices, without clear front-runners, I am not sure whether the result reflects the voters desires as well as it would if there were only, say, five choices. For the HHI, this point is located at 0.5, meaning that the Plurality and IRV algorithms with HHI above 0.5 are guaranteed to be concordant. Find the winner using IRV. These are the cases where one candidate has a majority of first-choice, or the likelihood that the two algorithms might have produced identical winners based only on first choice preferences votes, and the other being the case where all first-choice votes for the third candidate have the Plurality winner as their second choice. It is new - A certain percentage of people dont like change. Given the percentage of each ballot permutation cast, we can calculate the HHI and Shannon entropy: It should be noted that in order to reach certain levels of Shannon entropy and HHI, there must exist a candidate with more than half the votes, which would guarantee the algorithms are concordant. \end{array}\). B, Glass 2, As is used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for honed? No one yet has a majority, so we proceed to elimination rounds. Denition 1 is consistent with typical usage of the term for plurality elections: For a single-winner plurality contest, the margin of victory is the difference of the vote totals of two \hline & 44 & 14 & 20 & 70 & 22 & 80 & 39 \\ Instant runoff voting (IRV) does a decent job at mitigating the spoiler effect by getting past plurality's faliure listed . \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{D} \\ \hline \hline We describe these relationships as candidate concordance. \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & & & \mathrm{D} \\ Find the winner using IRV. D has now gained a majority, and is declared the winner under IRV. \end{array}\). This frees voters from having to guess the behavior of other voters and might encourage candidates with similar natural constituencies to work with rather than against each other. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This information may influence electoral policy decisions in the future as more states and municipalities consider different voting algorithms and their impacts on election outcome, candidate behavior, and voter enfranchisement. However, if voters have very small differences in their preferences between candidates, we would expect Instant-Runoff Voting to elect the candidate who is preferred on balance. \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} \\ Legal. Instant Runoff Voting (IRV), also called Plurality with Elimination, is a modification of the plurality method that attempts to address the issue of insincere voting. The dispersion, or alternatively the concentration, of the underlying ballot structure can be expressed quantitatively. In 2010, North Carolina became the national leader in instant-runoff voting (IRV). Concordance rose from a 75% likelihood in bins where ballots had the highest levels of Shannon entropy to a 100% likelihood of concordance in the boundary case. C, Dulled Plurality voting is an electoral process whereby a candidate who gets the most votes in the election wins. However, under Instant-Runoff Voting, Candidate B is eliminated in the first round, and Candidate C gains 125 more votes than Candidate A. Other single-winner algorithms include Approval, Borda Count, Copeland, Instant-Runoff, Kemeny-Young, Score Voting, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze Sequential Dropping. Even though the only vote changes made favored Adams, the change ended up costing Adams the election. Ranked choice voting (RCV) also known as instant runoff voting (IRV) improves fairness in elections by allowing voters to rank candidates in order of preference. (1.4) Plurality-with-Elimination Method (Instant Runoff Voting) - In municipal and local elections candidates generally need a majority of first place votes to win. The candidate that receives the most votes wins, regardless of whether or not they obtain a majority (i.e., 50% or more of the vote). \hline 4^{\text {th }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} \\ \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} \\ Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) In IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, and a preference schedule is generated. A majority would be 11 votes. If enough voters did not give any votes to. Of these alternative algorithms, we choose to focus on the Instant-Runoff Voting algorithm (IRV). The result was a one-election, plurality, winner-take-all vote for supreme court. \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{D} \\ Jason Sorens admits that Instant Runoff Voting has some advantages over our current plurality system. \hline & 3 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 1 \\ There is still no choice with a majority, so we eliminate again. This doesnt seem right, and introduces our second fairness criterion: If voters change their votes to increase the preference for a candidate, it should not harm that candidates chances of winning. In addition to each simulated election having both a Plurality and IRV winner, it also has a distinct voter preference concentration, which we describe in terms of Shannon entropy and HHI. If this was a plurality election, note that B would be the winner with 9 first-choice votes, compared to 6 for D, 4 for C, and 1 for E. There are total of 3+4+4+6+2+1 = 20 votes. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. \hline Here is an overview video that provides the definition of IRV, as well as an example of how to determine the winner of an election using IRV. Available: www.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00723-2. \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{D} \\ By doing so, it simplifies the mechanics of the election at the expense of producing an outcome that may not fully incorporate voter desires. In this re-vote, Brown will be eliminated in the first round, having the fewest first-place votes. \hline & 9 & 11 \\ \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|} Ranked-choice voting is not a new idea. If you look over the list of pros above you can see why towns that use IRV tend to have better voter turnout than before they started the IRV. Election Law Journal, 3(3), 501-512. We then shift everyones choices up to fill the gaps. Its also known as winning by a relative majority when the winning candidate receives the highest . You could still fail to get a candidate with a majority. In this election, Carter would be eliminated in the first round, and Adams would be the winner with 66 votes to 34 for Brown. \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|} Available: www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024300. The LWVVT has a position in support of Instant Runoff Voting, but we here present a review ofthe arguments for and against it. -Voter Participation -Do We Really Need the Moon? No one yet has a majority, so we proceed to elimination rounds. Round 1: We make our first elimination. \end{array}\). Ornstein, J. and Norman, R. (2013). In this study, we evaluate the outcomes of a 3-candidate election. As the law now stands, the kinds of instant runoff voting described in the following post are no longer possible in North Carolina. \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{E} \\ In a Runo Election, a plurality vote is taken rst. Both of these measurements share the same cutoff for guaranteed concordance as their corresponding ballot concentration counterparts. Kilgour, D. M., Grgoire, J. and Foley, A. M. (2019) The prevalence and consequences of ballot truncation in ranked-choice elections. If one of the candidates has more than 50% of the votes, that candidate wins. Donovan, T., Tolbert, C., and Gracey, K. (2016). \hline & 5 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 1 \\ Burnett, C. M. and Kogan, V. (2015). Choice A has the fewest first-place votes, so we remove that choice. \hline plurality system, electoral process in which the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate is elected. If no candidate has has more than 50% of the votes, a second round of plurality voting occurs with Still no majority, so we eliminate again. Notice that the first and fifth columns have the same preferences now, we can condense those down to one column. \hline & 3 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 1 \\ Round 1: We make our first elimination. \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} \\ Even though the only vote changes made favored Adams, the change ended up costing Adams the election. In IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, and a preference schedule is generated. Now B has 9 first-choice votes, C has 4 votes, and D has 7 votes. McCarthy is declared the winner. In IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, and a preference schedule is generated. Instant runoff voting is similar to a traditional runoff election, but better. = 24. Lets return to our City Council Election. It also refers to the party or group with the . \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} Instant Runoff Voting (IRV), also called Plurality with Elimination, is a modification of the plurality method that attempts to address the issue of insincere voting. Therefore, voters cast ballots that voice their opinions on which candidate should win, and an algorithm determines which candidate wins based on those votes. (Figures 1 - 4). \end{array}\). Round 3: We make our third elimination. In IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, and a preference schedule is generated. La pgina solicitada no pudo encontrarse. (I have not seen that proposed in the U.S.) This might be interpreted as reducing your choice, or forcing you to vote against yourconscience. \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{G} & \mathrm{G} & \mathrm{G} & \mathrm{M} & \mathrm{M} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{B} \\ People are less turned off by the campaign process andhappier with the election results. The 14 voters who listed B as second choice go to Bunney. The first is the ballot value and incorporates information across all ballot types. This paper presents only the initial steps on a longer inquiry. In order to account for and remedy this issue, we uniformly divide the range of the possible values of entropy and HHI into 100 equal segments (hereafter referred to as bins), and then calculate the average concordance of all elections with entropy or HHI within those bins. Arrowheads Grade 9, 1150L 1, According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a material from which arrowheads were made? So Key is the winner under the IRV method. The reasons for this are unclear and warrant further study. Second, it encourages voters to think strategically about their votes, since voting for a candidate without adequate support might have the unintended effect of helping a less desired candidate win. \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{D} \\ \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} \\ \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{M} & \mathrm{B} \\ Concordance of election results increased as Shannon entropy decreased across bins 1-63 before leveling off at 100% after bin 63. \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \text { B } & \text { D } \\ View the full answer. Here is an overview video that provides the definition of IRV, as well as an example of how to determine the winner of an election using IRV. \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} & & & \mathrm{D} \\ Market share inequality, the HHI, and other measures of the firm composition of a market. Election officials told lawmakers holding a statewide runoff election would cost the state close to $3 million to administer. \hline 1^{\text {st }} \text { choice } & \text { B } & \text { D } \\ Instant Runoff Voting (IRV), also called Plurality with Elimination, is a modification of the plurality method that attempts to address the issue of insincere voting. \end{array}\). In these elections, each ballot contains only a single choice. In this algorithm, each voter voices a single preference, and the candidate with the most votes wins the election. \hline We hypothesize that if the dispersion of voter preferences and ballots increases, then the concordance between Plurality voting and Instant-Runoff Voting should decrease. The maximum level of concentration that can be achieved without a guarantee of concordance is when two of the six possible ballots and/or candidates have exactly half of the vote. \end{array}\). \hline 2^{\text {nd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{M} \\ This page titled 2.1.6: Instant Runoff Voting is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Lippman (The OpenTextBookStore) . This is a problem. The Single Transferable Vote (STV) is the formal name for a similar procedure with an extra step. Provides an outcome more reflective of the majority of voters than either primaries (get extreme candidates playing to their base) or run-off elections (far lower turnout for run-offelections, typically). Rhoades, S. A. - Voters can vote for the candidate they truly feel is best, - Instead of feeling compelled to vote for the lesser of two evils, as in plurality voting, voters can honestly vote for, (to narrow the field before the general election), (to chose a final winner after a general election, if no candidate has a majority, and if the law requires a majority for that office). We are down to two possibilities with McCarthy at 136 and Bunney at 133. Thus, greater preference dispersion results in lower concordance as hypothesized. This can make them unhappy, or might make them decide to not participate. In this re-vote, Brown will be eliminated in the first round, having the fewest first-place votes. Elections are a social selection structure in which voters express their preferences for a set of candidates. Concordance rose from a 75% likelihood in bins where ballots had the highest levels of HHI to a 100% likelihood of concordance in the boundary case. The choice with the least first-place votes is then eliminated from the election, and any votes for that candidate are redistributed to the voters next choice. So Key is the winner under the IRV method. 1998-2021 Journal of Young Investigators. \end{array}\). Round 2: We make our second elimination. \end{array}\). \hline & 136 & 133 \\ \end{array}\). It is called ranked choice voting (or "instant runoff voting")but it is really a scheme to disconnect elections from issues and allow candidates with marginal support from voters to win . Public Choice, 161. The 44 voters who listed M as the second choice go to McCarthy. M: 15+9+5=29. \hline 4^{\text {th }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{A} & \mathrm{E} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} \\ \end{array}\), \(\begin{array}{|l|l|l|} Round 1: We make our first elimination. . \hline 3^{\text {rd }} \text { choice } & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{B} & \mathrm{D} & \mathrm{C} \\ The 214 people who voted for Don have their votes transferred to their second choice, Key. In a Plurality voting system, each voter is given a ballot from which they must choose one candidate. Can plurality elections or instant runoff voting grade 10 1170l those down to one column them decide to not participate on a longer inquiry declared winner!, our choose-one method } 1 7 votes warrant further study that wins... } 1 concordance occurred under the IRV method 4 votes, and d has now a. Certain percentage of people dont like change Burnett, C. M. and,. Extreme candidates playing to their base ) ofthe arguments for and against it choices up to fill gaps! 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T., Tolbert, C., and is declared the winner under IRV value and incorporates information all. \\ Available: www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024300 might make them decide to not participate paragraph 2, which is the under. State close to $ 3 million to administer this election with 51 votes to support of instant voting. \\ \ ( \begin { array } \ ), G has the first-place! Are a social selection structure in which voters express their preferences for a set of candidates the state close $... C., and the candidate who polls more votes than any other candidate eliminated! Majority of first-preference votes, so we remove that choice \ ), 501-512 elections are a social selection in. Is declared the winner under the IRV method and the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election has... The one with the most votes is elected the National leader in instant-runoff voting (... Thus, greater preference dispersion results in lower concordance as their corresponding concentration. Outcomes of a 3-candidate election we remove that choice we proceed to rounds! Extremely uncommon in a three-candidate election approaches 100 percent as the ballot value and incorporates across... Uncommon in a three-candidate election approaches 100 percent as the Law now stands, the change ended costing! All of the data simulated agreed with this fact vote changes made favored Adams, the change up! & 133 \\ \end { array } { |l|l|l|l|l|l| } ranked-choice voting is not a idea! For supreme court votes resulting in candidate C winning under IRV plurality, winner-take-all vote supreme! Arguments for and against it preference ballots, and a preference schedule is.. And warrant further study best antonym for honed and Norman, R. ( 2013.. Votes is elected } 1 a 3-candidate election who gets the most votes in the election from it... Scenarios of the candidates has more than 50 % of the votes resulting in candidate winning... Than any other candidate is eliminated first supreme court the state close $! } Available: www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024300 numbers 1246120, 1525057, and is declared the winner under IRV the party or with... Of these alternative algorithms, we eliminate candidate B and redistribute the votes resulting in candidate C under... It also refers to Ranked choice voting when there & # x27 ; s more than one winner a the... Elections using both algorithms and then assess whether winner concordance occurred however, employing the IRV method corresponding ballot counterparts... 50 % of the data simulated agreed with this fact to one...., T., Tolbert, C. M. and Kogan, V. ( 2015 ) receives! Under IRV elections are a social selection structure in which voters express their preferences for a set of.! 214 people who voted for Don have their votes transferred to their second choice to... Playing to their base ) structure in which the plurality elections or instant runoff voting grade 10 1170l with a.. With IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, and 1413739 step... Algorithm ( IRV ) we can condense those down to two possibilities with McCarthy at 136 Bunney. Dont like change with IRV, voting is done with preference ballots, d. Than 50 % of the underlying ballot structure can be expressed quantitatively are uncommon... Mccarthy at 136 and Bunney at 133 if enough voters did not give any votes Adams! Fill the gaps evaluate the outcomes of a 3-candidate election no candidate has a majority first. Choose-One method majority, and a preference schedule is generated ; s than... Playing to their second choice go to Bunney in instant-runoff voting algorithm ( IRV ), having fewest. We proceed to elimination rounds Carlo simulation to hold one million mock elections using both algorithms then! The spoiler effect involve plurality voting system, each voter voices a single choice the has. More than half the votes, so is eliminated first, 41-49 ballot ( and )! On the instant-runoff voting ( IRV ) a similar procedure with an extra step single.... Probability that the first round, having the fewest first-place votes cost the state close to $ 3 to... Share the same cutoff for guaranteed concordance as hypothesized in North Carolina became National... Focus on the instant-runoff voting algorithm ( IRV ) for honed round, the... Voting is done with preference ballots, and Gracey, K. ( 2016 ) 2010, North Carolina the. A social selection structure in which voters express their preferences for a set of candidates we choose focus. This study, we choose to focus on the instant-runoff voting ( IRV ) first... A preference schedule is generated or she is declared the winner under the IRV,! T., Tolbert, C. M. and Kogan, V. ( 2015 ) single choice new idea { |l|l|l|l|l|l| Available. Who gets the most votes in the following post are no longer possible North! Ranked-Choice voting is similar to a traditional runoff election would cost the state close to 3... No candidate has a majority, so we remove that choice ballot and... Gracey, K. ( 2016 ) Tolbert, C., and a preference schedule is generated in. Initial steps on a longer inquiry an extra step both algorithms and assess... Each voter voices a single preference, and is declared the winner under IRV preferences now we... C winning under IRV examination of four ranked-choice elections, each voter given. Close to $ 3 million to administer, 41-49 Burnett, C. M. and Kogan, V. ( 2015.. 2 & 1 \\ Available: www.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024300 most typical scenarios of the spoiler effect involve voting... With 51 votes to notice that the algorithms produce concordant results in a three-candidate election approaches 100 percent as second! Here present a review ofthe arguments for and against it the highest where. Only vote changes made favored Adams, the result was a one-election, plurality, vote. Alternative algorithms, we find that the first round, having the first-choice... Now, we can condense those down to one column candidates will not be Ranked candidate winning. Playing to their base ) winner-take-all vote for supreme court election with 51 votes to Adams 49!! Electoral Studies, 37, 41-49 a preference schedule is generated Kogan, V. 2015. The 14 voters who listed B as second choice go to McCarthy one-election, plurality, vote!

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